Relative clauses
Relative Clause
adalah bagian dari kalimat (anak kalimat) yang memberi keterangan pada orang
atau benda yang mendahuluinya. Istilah Relative Clause sama dengan Adjective
Clause. Disebut Adjective Clause karena dia menerangkan benda atau orang
yang mendahuluinya. Disebut Relative Clause karena dia menghubungkan
(me-relate) benda atau orang tersebut dengan frasa di belakangnya. Relative
Clause diawali dengan kata penghubung who, whom, whose, which, that,
dengan fungsi sebagai berikut
Who: menerangkan orang sebagai subject
Whom: menerangkan kan orang sebagai object (menggantikan me, you, us, him, her,
them, it)
Whose:menerangkan orang sebagai pemilik (menggantikan my, your, our, his, her, their,
its)
Which: menerangkan benda sebagai subject maupun object
That menerangkan orang atau benda baik sebagai subject maupun object
examples:
- Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
- Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
- A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
- I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
- I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
- Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
* There is
a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative
clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much.
To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely
used in spoken English.
Relative
pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:
|
Preceding noun
|
Relative pronoun
|
Examples
|
|
a person
|
who(m)/that, whose
|
- Do you know the girl who ..
- He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents .. |
|
a thing
|
which†/that, whose
|
- Do you have a computer which ..
- The oak a tree that .. - This is a book whose author .. |
Note 1:
The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun.
It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose
father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His
father is a professional tennis player.)
Note 2:
The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time
nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries
are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New
York.
Some
relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to
give extra information about it. Here are some
examples:
- My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
- The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
- Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
- The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
- My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
- In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.
Note 1:
Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences
above, must be separated off by commas.
Note 2:
The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an
extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil
Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.
Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to
stand on the moon.
Conditional
Sentence
Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan subordinate conjunction if
berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).
Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition
pada conditional
sentence tipe 1
mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak
mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena
merupakan scientific
fact/kebenaran
ilmiah.
Rumus Conditional Sentence
Rumus Umum
Secara
umum, rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.
|
if + condition, result/consequence
|
atau
tanpa tanda baca koma:
|
result/consequence + if + condition
|
Rumus Conditional Sentence berbagai tipe
|
Type
|
Rumus Conditional Sentence
|
|
0
|
if + simple present, simple present
|
|
1
|
if + simple present, will + bare infinitive
|
|
2
|
if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive
|
|
3
|
if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have + past participle
|
Contoh Conditional Sentence
Berikut
contoh conditional
sentence pada
berbagai tipe sesuai dengan rumus di atas.
|
Type
|
Contoh Conditional Sentence
|
|
0
|
If we burn paper, it becomes ash.
(Jika kita membakar kertas, itu menjadi abu.) |
|
1
|
If I meet him, I will introduce
myself.
(Jika saya bertemu dia, saya akan memperkenalkan diri.) |
|
2
|
If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
(Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.) |
|
3
|
If you had
remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
(Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.) |
Negatif if + condition
Rumus:
if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.
Contoh conditional sentence: if…not dan unless:
Dengan
menggunakan rumus negatif
if, contoh conditional sentence seperti di bawah ini.
- If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
- Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
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