B inggris. Relative Clouses and Conditional Sentences

Relative clauses

Relative Clause adalah bagian dari kalimat (anak kalimat) yang memberi keterangan pada orang atau benda yang mendahuluinya. Istilah Relative Clause sama dengan Adjective Clause. Disebut Adjective Clause karena dia menerangkan benda atau orang yang mendahuluinya. Disebut Relative Clause karena dia menghubungkan (me-relate) benda atau orang tersebut dengan frasa di belakangnya. Relative Clause diawali dengan kata penghubung who, whom, whose, which, that, dengan fungsi sebagai berikut

Who: menerangkan orang sebagai subject
Whom: menerangkan kan orang sebagai object (menggantikan me, you, us, him, her,
them, it)
Whose:menerangkan orang sebagai pemilik (menggantikan my, your, our, his, her, their,
its)
Which: menerangkan benda sebagai subject maupun object
That menerangkan orang atau benda baik sebagai subject maupun object

examples:

• Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
• Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
• A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
• I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
• I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
• Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun: 

Preceding noun	Relative pronoun	Examples
a person	who(m)/that, whose	- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing	which†/that, whose	- Do you have a computer which .. - The oak a tree that .. - This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some 

examples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
• My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan subordinate conjunction if berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).

Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact/kebenaran ilmiah.

Rumus Conditional Sentence

Rumus Umum

Secara umum, rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.

if + condition, result/consequence

atau tanpa tanda baca koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

Rumus Conditional Sentence berbagai tipe

Type	Rumus Conditional Sentence
0	if + simple present, simple present
1	if + simple present, will + bare infinitive
2	if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive
3	if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have + past participle

Contoh Conditional Sentence

Berikut contoh conditional sentence pada berbagai tipe sesuai dengan rumus di atas.

Type	Contoh Conditional Sentence
0	If we burn paper, it becomes ash. (Jika kita membakar kertas, itu menjadi abu.)
1	If I meet him, I will introduce myself. (Jika saya bertemu dia, saya akan memperkenalkan diri.)
2	If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. (Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.)
3	If  you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.

Contoh conditional sentence: if…not dan unless:

Dengan menggunakan rumus negatif if, contoh conditional sentence seperti di bawah ini.

• If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
• Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask.

Sumber

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentences

bahasa inggris bisnis 2

Mention the kinds of pronoun

Personal Pronouns

These are pronouns that refer mostly to human beings. However, the word 'it' does not refer to human beings, but is a Personal Pronoun.

So, we have a more grammatical way of defining Personal Pronouns so that we can include the hapless it in the Personal Pronoun family.

A Personal Pronoun is a pronoun which belongs to any of the three grammatical persons.

The list of pronouns which belong to this group are: I, we, you, he, she, it, and they.       

Often you'll find Personal Pronouns divided into:

• Subjective Pronouns (I, we, you, he, she, it, they)
• Objective Pronouns (me, us, you, him, her, it, them)
• Possessive Pronouns (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs;
  with also the following ones, which strictly speaking, are adjectives - my, our, your, her, their).

Just remember that these three so-called "types" are not really different types.
They are just different Case forms of one type of pronoun, i.e. Personal Pronouns.

Compound Personal Pronouns

There are two sub-types of these pronouns: Reflexive pronouns and Intensive pronouns. These two sub-types have the same forms, but different functions.

Same Forms

According to form, we can call these pronouns Compound Personal Pronouns.

A list of pronouns of this kind are:
myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

Different Functions

Depending on the function, we divide the Compound Personals into the two types we mentioned.

Reflexive Pronouns

These pronouns function as grammatical objects or complements which mirror the subject, as in...

• herself—She blamed herself for the mishap.
• himself—He is himself today.

Intensive Pronouns

These pronouns act as appositives of nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis, as in the examples below...

• yourself—You yourself wrote those words.
• themselves—This request came from the employees themselves.

Demonstrative Pronouns

These pronouns point out someone or something. They are identical in form to Demonstrative Adjectives/Determiners.

The difference is that...

• a Demonstrative Pronoun stands alone (because it is a substitute for a noun or noun phrase),
• but a Demonstrative Adjective is accompanied by the noun it modifies.

Here are two examples to show the difference:

• She gave me this gift. (this - Demonstrative Adjective)
• I like this. (this - Demonstrative Pronoun)

More examples of Demonstrative Pronouns:

• these - These are my children.
• that - That is a good idea.
• those - The streets of Chennai are more crowded than those of Kodaikanal.
• such - Such are the people whom you once trusted.

Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns do stand for some person or thing, but we don't know for exactly whom.

When we say, "Somebody stole my watch," we don't know to whom the word somebody refers to. The word somebody is an Indefinite Pronoun.

A list of pronouns of this type are...

• one - One should speak the truth.
• somebody - Somebody immediately called the doctor.
• anybody - Anybody can solve this problem.
• nobody - Nobody was present.
• many - Many are called, but few are chosen.
• others - Do good to others.
• you - You don't take coal to Newcastle, or coconuts to Kerala!
• they - They say that a poor workman blames his tools.

Distributive Pronouns

These pronouns refer to individual elements in a group or a pair, one individual at a time.

Here's a list of pronouns of this type...

• each - "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."
• either - You may answer either of these (two) questions first.
• neither - Neither of the answers is correct.
• any - You may bring any of your friends.
• none - None of our students failed last year.

Reciprocal Pronouns

These pronouns are found in pairs. They are really a subject-object pair compressed. We'll find this if we expand the sentence in which they are present, as in the first example below.

When one gives, the other member of the pair also gives in return. That's what we mean by reciprocity...hence Reciprocal Pronouns.

Examples:

• each other - They love each other. (i.e. Each loves the other.)
  Each (the subject) is used in a distributive sense; the other (the object) automatically takes the reciprocal position. Each stands for both individuals, one at a time.
• one another - Good people help one another to succeed.

Relative Pronouns

These pronouns are very important words in the language. A Relative Pronoun performs two functions:

• It acts as a substitute for a noun (like any pronoun)
• It also functions as a joining word for two clauses.

So, besides being a noun-substitute, it performs a function similar to that of a subordinating conjunction.

Here's a list of pronouns that belong to this important category...

• who - Give this to the boy who wins the race.
• whose - This is Mohan, whose mobile phone was stolen last week.
• whom - Rita, whom you praised in class yesterday, is my sister.
• which - This is the problem, which we are struggling to solve.
• that - This is the day that we have waited for so long.
• what - Eat what is set before you.

You also have Compound Relative Pronouns.

They are: whoever, whatever, whichever, whosoever, whatsoever, and whichsoever.

Using any of the last three is old-fashioned.

Interrogative Pronouns

These look like Relative Pronouns, but have a different function. We use them for asking questions. There are three of them:

• who (with its other forms, whose and whom)
• who - Who is that man?
• Whose - Whose is this wallet?
• Whom - Whom do you seek?
• which - Which is your seat?
• what - What is your name?

From this list of pronouns, I can tell you, that you will need more time to study Personal Pronouns and Relative Pronouns, than any other. Their study involves dealing with more language elements than the others.

Make sentences for each kind

A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
Example:
color blue favorite is My. (makes no sense, therefore it is not a sentence)
My favorite color is blue. (makes complete sense, therefore it is a sentence)

There are four kinds of sentences:
1. Assertive or declarative sentence (a statement)
2. Imperative sentence (a command)
3. Interrogative sentence (a question)
4. Exclamatory sentence (an exclamation)

1. An assertive sentence is a sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple statements. They state, assert, or declare something.
Examples:
Jan is a student. She lives in a big city.

2. Imperative sentence is a sentence which gives a command, makes a request, or express a wish.
Examples:
Go to your room. (an order)
Please lend me your book. (a request)
Have a good time at the picnic. (a wish)

3. Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses sudden and strong feelings, such as surprise, wonder, pity, sympathy, happiness, or gratitude.
Example:
What a shame!
Boy, am I tired!

4. Interrogative sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence.
Examples:
What is your name?
Where do you live? 

There are 3 types of question ! what are they (explain)

• Right There Questions: Literal questions whose answers can be found in the text. Often the words used in the question are the same words found in the text.
• Think and Search Questions: Answers are gathered from several parts of the text and put together to make meaning.
• Author and You: These questions are based on information provided in the text but the student is required to relate it to their own experience. Although the answer does not lie directly in the text, the student must have read it in order to answer the question.
• On My Own: These questions do not require the student to have read the passage but he/she must use their background or prior knowledge to answer the question.

Give the examples fot those 3 types

Types of Poetry Examples

Learning about the different types of poetry is often easier when you review examples of the different types. Each example gives you the opportunity to see the differences between the style and tone of each type.

Examples Highlight the Poetic Types

Each type of poetry is characterized by its own style. By understanding the various styles, you are better able to learn the variances between each of the different types.

Haiku Poems

The Old Pond by Matshuo Basho is an example of a haiku:

• “The old pond-- a frog jumps in, sound of water.”

Truth in Advertising by Yahia Lababidi is another example of a haiku:

• “Morning epiphany, applicable to love and life, in haiku-like purity.”

Free Verse Poems

Because free verse poems are the least well defined, there are numerous examples of free verse poems. This excerpt from This is Marriage, is by Marianne Moore is one such example:

This institution, perhaps one should say enterpriseout of respect for which one says one need not change one's mind about a thing one has believed in, requiring public promises of one's intention to fulfil a private obligation: I wonder what Adam and Eve think of it by this time, this fire-gilt steel alive with goldenness;

This excerpt from Little Father by Li-Young Lee is another example of free verse poetry:

I buried my father in my heart.

Now he grows in me, my strange son,

My little root who won’t drink milk,

Little pale foot sunk in unheard-of night,

Little clock spring newly wet

In the fire,little grape, parent to the future

Wine, a son the fruit of his own son,

Little father I ransom with my life.

Cinquains

A cinquain is a five-line poem inspired by Japanese haiku's. There are many different variations of cinquain including American Cinquains, didactic cinquains, reverse cinquains, butterfly cinquains and crown cinquains

TreeStrong,

TallSwaying,

swinging,

sighing

Memories of summerOak

Epic Poems

An epic is a long and narrative poem that normally tells a story about a hero or an adventure. Epics can be oral stories or can be poems in written form.  The Illiad and the Odyssey are examples of famous epic poems, as is The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Different Types of Poetry

There are over 50 types of poetry. Poetry is categorized by the number of lines in the poem, the words in the poem, whether it rhymes or not, and what it is about.

Some types of poetry examples include haiku, free verse, sonnets, and name poems, although there are many more types as well. 

• Haikus are one category of poems. The haiku originated from Japan, It’s the shortest type of poem and, often, the most difficult to understand. It consists of three lines that generally do not rhyme. The lines should have five, seven, and five syllables in them. 
• Free verse poems are another type of poetry. A free verse is the loosest type of poem. It can consist of as many lines as the writer wants. It can either rhyme or not, and it does not require any fixed metrical pattern. Free verse is commonly used among writers because it allows for maximum flexibility.
• Sonnets are another classification of poetry. A sonnet is best described as a lyric poem that consists of fourteen lines. Sonnet’s have at least one or two conventional rhyme schemes. Shakespeare in particular was famous for writing sonnets.
• Name poems are popular among children and are often used in schools. The name of the person becomes the poem. Each letter in the name is the first letter in the line of the poem.

There is a very wide definition of what constitutes poetry, and although some types of poetry can be grouped together in specific styles, creativity is the key to poetry and a new poet can choose to write in any style he wants, even if it doesn't fit into one of the recognized types.

http://www.english-language-grammar-guide.com/list-of-pronouns.html

http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2293&CurriculumID=16

http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/question_answer_relationship

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/types-of-poetry-examples.html